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Arnold Toynbee (; 23 August 18529 March 1883) was a British economic historian also noted for his social commitment and desire to improve the living conditions of the working classes.〔( F. C. Montague, "Arnold Toynbee", in ''Social Science, Municipal and Federal Government,'' Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University (1889), pp. 5–53. )〕 ==Life and career== Toynbee was born in London, the son of the physician Joseph Toynbee, a pioneering otolaryngologist. Toynbee was the uncle, via his brother Harry Valpy Toynbee, of universal historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889–1975). The two are often confused for each other due to the similarity of their names. Toynbee attended public schools in Blackheath and Woolwich. In 1873 he began to study political economy at Oxford University, first at Pembroke College and from 1875 at Balliol College, where he went on to teach after his graduation in 1878. His lectures on the history of the Industrial Revolution in 18th and 19th century Britain proved widely influential; in fact, Toynbee coined,〔Susan J. Winter and S. Lynn Taylor, (The Role of Information Technology in the Transformation of Work: A Comparison of Postindustrial, Industrial and Protoindustrial Organization ), in DeSanctis, Gerardine, Janet Fulk. Shaping Organization Form: Communication, Connection, and Community, Sage Publications Inc, 1999, p.105. ISBN 0-7619-0495-6〕 or at least effectively popularised, the term "Industrial Revolution" in the Anglophone world—in Germany and elsewhere it had been brought into circulation earlier by Friedrich Engels, also under the impression of the industrial changes in Britain. He married Charlotte Atwood, 12 years his senior and a cousin of Harold Davidson, the famous rector of Stiffkey. Toynbee died in 1883, at age 30. His health had rapidly deteriorated, probably due to exhaustion by excessive work . 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Arnold Toynbee」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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